Background
We have recently identified isoliquiritigenin (ISL), a flavonoid commonly found in licorice, as late-stage autophagy inhibitor during pancreatic cancer progression. In this study, we further investigated the anti-metastatic potential of ISL through regulation of the tumor microenvironment and metabolic pathway of gemcitabine chemoresistance.
Materials and Methods
Cell migratory activity and invasiveness were determined in PANC1 and Mia PaCa2 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells by using Wound healing assay and 2-chamber Transwell matrigel invasion assay, respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was measured by a Total ROS Assay Kit using flow cytometry. Pan02 cells were inoculated to produce tumor xenograft in C57/BL6 mice. Cell surface staining was performed on samples from peripheral blood, spleen and tumor cells. Levels of different immune cells in the tumor tissues were determined by using immunofluorescence microscopy. Gene and protein expression of various biomarkers and metastatic mediators were determined by quantitative RT-PCR and Western immunoblotting, respectively.
Results
ISL (12.5 or 25 μM) inhibited both migratory activity and invasiveness of PANC1 cells. ISL also downregulated the protein expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarkers vimentin and Snail, as well as inhibited both gene expression and activities of pro-metastatic biomarkers MMP-2 and MMP-9 in tumor tissues. Besides, ISL increased ROS level in PANC1 and MiaPaCa2 cells, which could explain the subsequent inhibition of late-stage autophagy being observed earlier. In the tumor microenvironment, ISL decreased the number of myloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) while increased the number of CD4 and CD8 T cells in the spleen, tumor tissues and peripheral blood of mice xenograft. ISL impaired the M2 polarization of macrophage in tumor tissues as indicated by decrease in expression of CD206, the marker of M2 macrophage phenotype. INF- increased the protein expression of both p-STAT1 and STAT1 in PANC1 cells at concentrations that did not induce cytotoxicity, which alleviated the growth-inhibitory and proapoptotic effects of ISL in PANC1 cells. Alternatively, ISL decreased both phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT1 in PANC1 cells, whereas the inhibition of STAT1 activation in PANC1 cells by ISL could be attenuated by INF-. Our latest findings have unveiled that modulation of STAT1 by ISL involves Rac1-p38-CREB signaling. Despite this, ISL facilitated inhibition of RRM1 protein expression, while it upregulated the gene expression of dCK and hENT1 in MiaPaCa2 cells. ISL had exhibited synergistic cell growth inhibition of PANC1 and Mia PaCa2 with gemcitabine.
Conclusions
Our results reveal that ISL attenuated metastatic development of pancreatic cancer by reprogramming of the tumor immunity and reactivation from gemcitabine chemoresistance.
J.K. Ko: None.