Artificial intelligence can reach the level of trained pathologists in terms of diagnostic accuracy, thereby substantially reducing the clinical workload of front-line pathologists in the future.1 However, artificial intelligence-based models require large-scale validation in real-world clinical scenarios.1,2 In their Article,3 Shaoxu Wu and colleagues conducted a large-scale, multicentre, retrospective study on the use of an artificial intelligence-based model for the diagnosis of lymph node metastases in bladder cancer.