[Comment] Perioperative immunotherapy in renal cell carcinoma

In The Lancet Oncology, Mohamad E Allaf and colleagues1 report the primary results of the PROSPER trial, in which they assessed the effects of a short course of preoperative nivolumab followed by 9 months of adjuvant nivolumab compared with surgery alone in patients with high-risk (ie, clinical stage ≥T2 or any T stage and node positive) renal cell carcinoma with both clear cell and non-clear cell histology. The trial was created with a pragmatic design in agreement with patient organisations to ensure a strategy that was acceptable for both patients and clinicians, as well as the extrapolation of results to clinical practice.