[Comment] Adjuvant immune checkpoint blockade revisited

An analysis of the costs of 11 US Food and Drug Administration-approved adjuvant therapies shows that these treatments can place a substantial financial burden on society in the USA.1 In Europe in 2022, five adjuvant immune-checkpoint inhibitor treatments were approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and several more indications are expected to follow. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors are relatively new drugs and have different mechanisms of action to hormonal and chemotherapeutic adjuvant therapies.